Parafunciones y caries dentales en preescolares de comunidades pehuenches / Parafunctions and decay in preschool children from pehuenches communities

Introducción: las parafunciones bucales son consideradas uno de los factores causales de los trastornos temporomandibulares que han tomado mucha relevancia en las últimas décadas, especialmente en poblaciones infanto-juveniles, aunque la evidencia en preescolares es escasa y nula en grupos indígenas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales y presencia de caries en preescolares de comunidades pehuenches, de la comuna de Alto Biobio, la más pobre de Chile, así como su posible relación con características etnodemográficas y socioeconómicas. Métodos: se tomó una muestra que estuvo conformada por 71 niños de 2 a 5 años los cuales asisten a jardín infantil. Se contó con la autorización de las autoridades locales y el consentimiento informado de los padres. Se evaluaron variables socio-etnodemográficas, presencia de caries en dientes temporales (índice ceod) de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la presencia de 8 parafunciones bucales: succión digital, de objetos, de mamadera, de chupete, labial, interposición lingual, onicofagia y respiración bucal mediante encuesta a las educadoras de los jardines. Resultados: el 9,86 por ciento de preescolares estaba libre de caries y el ceod fue 6,83 ± 4,65, lo que aumenta con la edad, 2,8 (a los 2 años) y 8,23 (a los 5 años). El promedio de parafunciones bucales por preescolar fue 1,73 ± 1,06, significativamente mayor en mujeres, pehuenches y preescolares de extrema pobreza. La prevalencia para alguna de las 8 parafunciones bucales fue de 90,86 por ciento y 77,46 por ciento para las asociadas a succión. Las más prevalentes son succión de mamadera y labial (26,76 por ciento), onicofagia (29,58 por ciento) y succión digital (47,89 por ciento). Conclusiones: la presencia de caries en estos preescolares es muy alta, mientras que la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales es similar a otras poblaciones, lo que afecta más a preescolares de extrema pobreza y pehuenches, posiblemente relacionado con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad social de la comuna. Estos resultados resaltan la urgencia de implementar medidas promocionales, preventivas y terapéuticas en esta población(AU)

Introduction: Oral parafunctions are considered one of the causal factors of temporomandibular disorders and have gained importance in recent decades, especially in child and young populations, although evidence is scarce in the preschool children and nonexistent in the indigenous groups. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral parafunctions and the presence of caries in pehuenche preschool children, from Alto Biobio commune , the poorest one in Chile, as well as the possible association of the ethnodemographic and the socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: A sample comprised 71 children from 2 to 5 years attending kindergarten; the permission of local authorities and the informed consent of parents were granted. Socio-ethno-demographic variables, decay presence in primary teeth (dmft index) according to WHO criteria and the presence of 8 oral parafunctions: finger sucking, object sucking, sucking on bottle, pacifier and lip sucking, tongue thrust, onychophagia and mouth breathing, were all evaluated through a survey made to kindergarten educators. Results: Of the studied children, 9.86 percent were caries-free and the dmft index was 6.83 ±4.65, increasing with the age, hence, it was 2.8 at age 2 and 8.23 at age 5. Oral parafunctions average was 1.73 ±1.06 per child, significantly higher in women, pehuenches and extremely poor children. Prevalence for any of the 8 oral parafunctions was 90.86 percent and for those associated with non-nutritive sucking was 77.46 percent. The most prevalent were bottle and labial sucking (26.76 percent), onychophagia (29.58 percent) and finger sucking (47.89 percent). Conclusions: Decay presence in these preschool children is very high, whereas the prevalence of oral parafunctions is similar to that of other populations, affecting more children in extreme poverty setting and pehuenches. All this is possibly related to the social vulnerability of the commune. These results highlighted the urgent need of implementing preventive, promotional and therapeutic strategies in this population(AU)

Infección por helmintos parásitos en salmón coho, oncorhynchus kisutch, durante su retorno al río Simpson, Chile / Infection by parasitic helmiths in coho sallmon, oncorhynchus kisutch, during their return to Simpson river, Chile

Between may and july 1994, 17 adult returning salmons, oncorhynchus kisutch, were collected in the River Simpson, Chile. All fishes showed infection by plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium sp. in different locations: stomach, spleen, liver, mesenteries and gonads. Infection with larval cestodes of an unidentified species of phillobothriidae was determined in the intestine of seven (41,2 percent) salmons and its prevalences of infection showed significant differences between female and male salmons. The 94,4 percent of total plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium were isolated from the stomach wall. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by diphyllobothrium sp. did not show significant differences between fishes of different sex

Comparación de tres técnicas en el diagnóstico serológico de la hidatidosis humana / Comparison of 3 techniques in the serological diagnosis of human hydatidosis

Three serological techniques for hydatic disease were compared using 60 human serum samples obtained from 29 patients with hydatidosis previously demostrated by survery, 15 apparently healthy individuals and 16 persons with different pathologies. The results obtained with 3 techniques showed some differences that could associate with the anatomical location of the parasite and the biological stage of the hydatid cysts. The global sensitivity of the techniques was 96,6 for percent for ELISA, 86,2 for percent for IHAT and 79,3 for percent for DD5. False positive reactions were observed with IHAT and ELISA in sera from patients with infection by taenia saginata. ELISA also showed cross reactions in the sera of four patients with intestinal infection by ascaris lumbricoides. No false positive reactions were observed with DD5 test

Prevalencia de infección por protozoos y helmintos intestinales en escolares de un sector costero de la provincia de Valdivia, Chile / Prevalence of intestinal protozooa and helminths infection in scholchildren from a coast locality in Valdivia province, Chile

During july-august 1989, 219 coprological samples from primary school children from Niebla and Los Molinos, localities (39º52'S, 73º26'W) in the coast of province of Valdivia, Chile, were analysed. Prevalence percent (in parentheses) of infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths were the followings: Entamoeba histolytica: (18.0), Entamoeba coli (34.0), Endolimax nana (34.4), Iodamoeba buetschlii (7.4), Blastocystis hominis (64.3), Giardia intestinalis (27.9), Chilomastix mesnii (0.8), Ascaris lumbricoides (12.7), Trichuris trichiura (32.0), Trichostrongylidea gen. sp. (0.8), Enterobius vermicularis (1.6), Hymenolepis nana (0.4), Diphyllobothrium sp. (1.4). No sanitary conditions, water, faeces and garbage disposal were detected in the 55.5 percent, 86.4 percent and 52.7 percent of 110 houses from the sector, respectively. The high prevalence of protozoa and helminths intestinal infections in the sector are related to no sanitary conditions of houses and fecal contamination of the estuary of the Valdivia river

Absorción intestinal en escolares asintomáticos portadores de Giardia lamblia / Intestinal absorption in asymptomatic school children with Giardia lamblia

En 14 escolares con edades entre 6,2 y 13,6 años, portadores asintomáticos de Giardia lamblia se hicieron evaluaciones antropométricas y mediciones de hematocrito, hemoglobinemia, proteinemia total, albuminemia, carotinemia basal y prueba de absorción de vitamina A y D-xilosa, antes y después de recibir tratamiento antiparasitario con Tinidazol y Mebendazol. Se demonstraron aumentos significativos en pliegue cutáneo tricipital, hematocrito, hemoglobinemia y proteinemia. La xilosemia fue de 38,8 + ou - 8,9 y de 57,5 + ou - 10,8 mg% (p <0,005) antes y después del tratamiento respectivamente. Las concentraciones de vitamina A después de sobrecarga oral fueron 66,5 + ou - 26,0 y 213,0 + ou - 113,0 microng% (p <0,005) y el delta vitamina A de 32,7 + ou - 25,3 y de 152,7 + ou - 115,8 microng% (p <0,005) para las etapas previa y posterior al tratamiento respectivamente. Se concluye que en escolares asintomáticos, portadores de Giardia lamblia, podría incrementar la absorción intestinal luego de erradicar al parásito